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[Music]

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well hello everyone first of all I'd

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like to thank for the organizers for

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having me here

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and I have already experienced how great

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this community can be I can tell that

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this is really a space for all

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uh so um how many of you like chemistry

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here in the audience

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quieter a few people here so

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um

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uh I will basically follow the logic of

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this quote

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throughout my whole presentation so

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probably what we're what I am doing and

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what we were doing is wrong but some of

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it might be useful in the future

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so

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um

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amino acids amino acids as we know

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basically looking for amino acids is one

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of the key Target for for future

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Institute life detection missions

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um I'm going to talk more about the

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Practical side of astrobiology rather

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than the theory that we have heard

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before maybe we can get together after

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it and find some new solutions for the

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problems and situations that we've

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encountered during our experiments so

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there are three levels that we have to

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look at when dealing with amino acids

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the first is uh kind of a qualitative

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problem uh what type of amino acids can

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we detect and what do those tell us

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the second is the abundance of these

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amino acids so their ratios are they

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more similar to what things that we see

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here on Earth as the metabolic processes

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of microbes or something completely

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different and the third is basically

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what makes it a lot more interesting or

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puts the icing in the cake is the

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chirality as you well know amino acids

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are basically chiral meaning that they

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have uh they are they have two versions

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of the same molecule and they're

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non-superimposable basically they are

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mirror images of each other they have

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exactly the same amount of atoms bonds

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but they have a totally different

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um structure when we're talking about

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the isomers

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and getting to know the the ratio of

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these amino acids is basically like a

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Smoking Gun evidence for life if if you

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like

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um

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but what does it have to do with

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radiation well as you all know

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as we said here we are experiencing the

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effective radiation

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but in the early Universe the activity

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might have been a lot bigger than it is

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today and

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um

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there are all sorts of theories that are

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some of them are quite established some

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of their are some of them are in the

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process of proving but the point is that

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all the

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um

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ultraviolet light and if you have this

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scattered from a surface basically you

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have a polarized light and basically

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um amino acids and enantiomers which are

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which absorb a specific light better

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than their counterparts then basically

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they get destroyed in the process this

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is the same way actually as we detect

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the the their ratio but it's also their

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Doom if we are talking about high

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intensities so this is a pretty much

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established model

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we can basically replicate these using

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all sorts of accelerators and all sorts

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of sources to basically mimic this

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effect the other one is is

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more of a still about photons but but

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more of a having a

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um the magnetic effect also

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um taken into account when dealing with

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how radiation affects these molecules

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and the third is basically stepping

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towards

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particles and subatomic particles and

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how they change the isotopic ratio and

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through the isotopic ratio how they

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change uh basically the composition of

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the amino acids and having them

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change a chirality so these are just the

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main theories that we know so far that

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work

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um

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and uh in our Laboratories we basically

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set out to mimic some of these effects

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uh the the accelerator atom queue we

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have three of them a small a middle one

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and a big one they are all considered

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small in the field of uh Nuclear Physics

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but for our experiments we basically

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um used a tandem accelerator

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which allows

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um a pretty quick change of ion sources

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so basically if you want to irradiate

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your sample with hydrogen and then you

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want to see how the same scent was

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affected by a heavier ion basically you

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can change the ions in a matter of hours

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or even less if you're if you're

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experienced so it has a lot versatility

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that's the point of having a tandem

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accelerator so

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um on the image you see probably the

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closest thing to a real lightsaber

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and what you see here on the image in

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the top right is basically how uh

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hydrogen ions look like when they are

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extracted to air from vacuum and

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basically

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this shows the ionization of the air

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that the accelerated ions are hitting so

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um

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capillary electrophoresis to basically

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see what radiation might have to do with

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the with the molecules and their

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chirality

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um you see is really a very very

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friendly technique and it's very very

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simple

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but that's what people use that are

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basically saying who are expert in the

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field but the point is that you have a

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tiny capillary a tiny few silica

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capillary with an inner diameter let's

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say 50 microns and another in another

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diameter of let's say 400 microns and

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when you feel this capillary with an

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electrolyte then you

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and you apply voltage on this system

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basically you will see stuff migrate and

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they will migrate according to their

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higher Dynamic volume to charge ratio in

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this field so what it allows you to do

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it allows you to do to separate

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molecules based on the higher Dynamic

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volume to charge ratio and if you put a

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detector in uh the

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if you put a detector in the um

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uh at the specific point of the

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capillary basically

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you can see the molecules migrating

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through the capillary and the specific

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point you get intensity versus time so

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you you see migrating Peaks this

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simulation on the left would like to

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show that but unfortunately it doesn't

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run so you have to believe me that the

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Peaks you're seeing are actually

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migrating through the detector window

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that we're looking at

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and um

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it is using laser induced fluorescence

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well

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uh why are we using laser induced filter

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since the main reason is that to achieve

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High sensitivity it's you can imagine it

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like going or being in a dark room uh

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sleeping and you basically just

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um open up or or open your phone and you

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have a lot of bright light coming in

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even though if you're doing it in the

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broad daylight probably you're not

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affected that much it allows you to

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remove background basically have a great

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big signal and to do that you need some

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molecules that basically have a

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fluorescent property meaning that you're

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excited them over the specific

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wavelength and they respond to you with

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a different wavelength this is a a

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molecule that we used to do the

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conjugation of our amino acids to

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basically enhance the selectivity and

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enhance

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separation efficiency so in order to do

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CE what you have to do is you have to

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have molecules that have a net charge

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other than zero and we have to make them

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visible this molecule here does the two

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things at the same time so basically

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um what what you see here is

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uh the six centimeter from the die

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reacting with the Mi forming a stable uh

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amide conjugate and this way basically

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you uh if you if you separate them uh

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you're you're getting a pretty huge

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resolution so what we did is basically

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first developed the buffer system or

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background of that right the thing that

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you feel the capillary with to do this

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separation it's a pretty simple buffer

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it contains two components and the

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reason behind it was that we had to keep

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in mind the restrictions that a possible

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future Institute life detection Mission

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would have that you're not allowed to

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have a ton of regions you're not allowed

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to have all sorts of mixing to happen

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you have to make everything simple that

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was the mindset that we had when we were

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doing the experiments and as you see

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we've managed to separate actually 15

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amino acids chirally of the 17 that we

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had in mind

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um why is it a promising technique like

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just like I said a sports review of

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moving Parts no power consumption uh

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easy to implement and it's just

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basically very very friendly technique

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and guys at JP are basically are

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developing this kind of technology and

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what you see here on the image is

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basically the base plate of this whole

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setup is basically the size of your

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laptop

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um

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so uh actually what we did during the

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year radiations well we made some sample

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holders from a drill press to kind of a

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modified drill press and we made 100

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Micron thick pellets of uh racemic uh

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alanine and we irradiated them here you

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see the simulation how the protein bees

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would actually behave in the 100 Micron

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thick alanine pellet and as you see

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towards the end around 80 microns all

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the ions stop and this is actually where

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the most interesting things happen

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during an imbu analysis or or

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irradiation as well which you see here a

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bit a bit in more detail so we have the

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protons coming in the in the vacuum from

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the accelerator and then we have a

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window where the protons

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are extracted to the air and then as

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they enter the the amino acids they

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basically lose energy and the nice thing

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about the the ions is that that they

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give off all their almost all the

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energies right before they stop and this

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is actually why it's really useful

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during proton therapy and so we

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irradiated these samples with these

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energies to basically and we designed

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the system to basically stop all the

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ions in the sample and see how

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destruction or any alterations occur

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so moving forward basically

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you see that this is an expected

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over D and L I mean erasmic as amino

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acid some of you might see that these

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are not exactly the same height and that

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is the same area this is just the

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control that we were using and we

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compared all our results to these

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control runs so basically you have two

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big Peaks and we are happy and if we go

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further uh we'll be interested more in

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the in the small Peak part of the uh of

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the electrophilograms as we go with the

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irradiation and as we go with the

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function of those increases so what you

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have here is basically the control that

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I just showed and different doses that

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have reached the sample and it's

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apparent that some of the Peaks are

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clearly increasing some of them show a

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nice correlation

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um

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and some of these Peaks are basically

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coming in duplets and this is what made

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us think that actually uh although we

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were irradiating wrestling

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alanine we are basically seeing racemic

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um so

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we're still in the process of

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identifying these molecules

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um and in these radicals that we found

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but they seem to correlate well with the

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dose

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and also another interesting thing

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happened when we were looking at the big

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peaks of the uh amino acids and we were

305
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just wondering what could this mean what

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you see in the uh in this picture is

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basically as we go with the dose

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the the LD ratio is getting more and

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more hectic which means that we're not

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seeing uh it going towards one and

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anterior or the other but kind of mixed

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noisy version of the two as we go with

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those higher and higher so in summary

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basically

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we put together a simple setup and

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measured some radicals that could form

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due to radiation and we've done it in a

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chiral manner to basically see whether

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our method is capable of separating

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these chiral amino acids and more

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importantly if you think about the the

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next possible or the most possible

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places in our solar system but life

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could be

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um actually they are in a in a huge

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radiation environment so I think it is

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it is really necessary to basically

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create a library of radicals simulated

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here in the labs to basically make the

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work uh easier and the unload this from

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the scientists you will have to

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basically figure out how

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um molecules are formed in these high

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radiation environments and what they are

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seeing on the the results when these

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instruments send back the data so

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basically we're trying to to establish a

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big Library where all sorts of amino

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acids mixers and single ones are

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irradiated or with all sorts of

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radiation sources and see

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what products are there and what can be

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identified using this technology so I'd

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like to thank you very much for your

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00:15:33,899 --> 00:15:37,970
foreign

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Chad

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uh I was really glad to see c-elif uh

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because it's a method that I work with

349
00:15:55,790 --> 00:15:53,639
as well and so uh seeing it being used

350
00:15:57,350 --> 00:15:55,800
around is is wonderful and I have a

351
00:16:01,730 --> 00:15:57,360
question about your Cairo method which

352
00:16:04,009 --> 00:16:01,740
seemed to work very well um so uh did

353
00:16:05,810 --> 00:16:04,019
you develop this in its entirety or uh

354
00:16:07,970 --> 00:16:05,820
when did you develop it where basically

355
00:16:11,090 --> 00:16:07,980
I wanted all about the Cairo method um

356
00:16:13,069 --> 00:16:11,100
is it published and uh yeah uh it's not

357
00:16:15,889 --> 00:16:13,079
published yet but we've developed it uh

358
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in collaboration with JPL

359
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um basically the key thing here is that

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to do chiro separation the way you can

361
00:16:27,650 --> 00:16:24,839
imagine is is that when you have these

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00:16:29,629 --> 00:16:27,660
molecules uh in the solution and that

363
00:16:31,550 --> 00:16:29,639
they migrate through the capillary if

364
00:16:35,030 --> 00:16:31,560
you have some additional additives in

365
00:16:35,710 --> 00:16:35,040
your buffer basically you can in

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um

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emphasize or or basically manipulate how

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these

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molecules behave but which I mean that

370
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if you have

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sugars like cyclins these are circular

372
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uh long oligomers

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basically these amino acids are as they

374
00:17:02,090 --> 00:16:59,699
migrate they meet with these cavities

375
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and they basically form an inclusion

376
00:17:05,990 --> 00:17:04,020
complex they go in they go out they go

377
00:17:08,990 --> 00:17:06,000
in they go out and some of the Indian

378
00:17:10,909 --> 00:17:09,000
tumors are staying longer in this cavity

379
00:17:12,710 --> 00:17:10,919
and some of them are staying for a short

380
00:17:14,510 --> 00:17:12,720
period of time and as they migrate they

381
00:17:17,870 --> 00:17:14,520
basically separate and this is what we

382
00:17:19,490 --> 00:17:17,880
see and and in this context to basically

383
00:17:21,829 --> 00:17:19,500
answer your question

384
00:17:24,350 --> 00:17:21,839
um we had a lot of constraints first of

385
00:17:26,929 --> 00:17:24,360
all we are not allowed to have a ton of

386
00:17:29,630 --> 00:17:26,939
additives a ton of stuff in the buffer

387
00:17:32,510 --> 00:17:29,640
because an instrument has to be able to

388
00:17:35,690 --> 00:17:32,520
do this on its own its own so we had two

389
00:17:37,430 --> 00:17:35,700
components in it which is the happish or

390
00:17:41,150 --> 00:17:37,440
hippies I don't know how they say it in

391
00:17:43,190 --> 00:17:41,160
English properly AGP yes and and the

392
00:17:46,789 --> 00:17:43,200
other one is the md40 which is basically

393
00:17:50,870 --> 00:17:46,799
similar to cyclodextrins but it consists

394
00:17:54,770 --> 00:17:50,880
of sugar oligomers or actually monomers

395
00:17:57,350 --> 00:17:54,780
and as you go you have at the end at the

396
00:18:00,169 --> 00:17:57,360
beginning one sugar one glucose unit and

397
00:18:02,150 --> 00:18:00,179
as you go two three four Etc and these

398
00:18:05,390 --> 00:18:02,160
after some around seven they start to

399
00:18:08,090 --> 00:18:05,400
become helico and you have a long long

400
00:18:11,450 --> 00:18:08,100
longer chains of these sugars and

401
00:18:14,690 --> 00:18:11,460
basically it enhanced the effectiveness

402
00:18:17,090 --> 00:18:14,700
of this cavity movement

403
00:18:24,850 --> 00:18:17,100
thanks

404
00:18:29,150 --> 00:18:27,230
hi my name is shiv agrawal from Western

405
00:18:30,590 --> 00:18:29,160
Michigan University so you have used

406
00:18:33,590 --> 00:18:30,600
protons for radiation have you

407
00:18:36,049 --> 00:18:33,600
considered using leptons and not yet uh

408
00:18:38,510 --> 00:18:36,059
we know it should be done and it should

409
00:18:41,630 --> 00:18:38,520
be interesting but we wanted to do to

410
00:18:44,330 --> 00:18:41,640
use the facility that we have available

411
00:18:46,070 --> 00:18:44,340
um and currently we are only only able

412
00:18:49,490 --> 00:18:46,080
only able to do

413
00:18:51,890 --> 00:18:49,500
um protons and heavy ions

414
00:18:54,169 --> 00:18:51,900
um it would be a nice thing to move

415
00:18:56,570 --> 00:18:54,179
forward and do all sorts of experiment

416
00:18:57,890 --> 00:18:56,580
on this on this field as well I'm happy

417
00:18:59,690 --> 00:18:57,900
to collaborate

418
00:19:01,669 --> 00:18:59,700
second thing is uh have you used

419
00:19:03,710 --> 00:19:01,679
variable energies for protons at what

420
00:19:06,049 --> 00:19:03,720
energies are you we in this experiment

421
00:19:08,570 --> 00:19:06,059
we used only one energy we didn't want

422
00:19:10,730 --> 00:19:08,580
to have too many variables if it's hard

423
00:19:13,250 --> 00:19:10,740
enough to figure out whether with a

424
00:19:16,909 --> 00:19:13,260
hundred Micron thickness of a pallet are

425
00:19:19,430 --> 00:19:16,919
we able to do robustly uh do experiments

426
00:19:21,529 --> 00:19:19,440
and unfortunately with a simple system

427
00:19:24,590 --> 00:19:21,539
and with a great care we were able to

428
00:19:26,330 --> 00:19:24,600
basically make it uh work uh so this was

429
00:19:30,049 --> 00:19:26,340
the first goal that we wanted to achieve

430
00:19:32,750 --> 00:19:30,059
and and uh of course we have all sorts

431
00:19:36,110 --> 00:19:32,760
of experiments either already running or

432
00:19:38,690 --> 00:19:36,120
in plan to vary energies where I

433
00:19:40,909 --> 00:19:38,700
actually the the dose rate which is

434
00:19:44,270 --> 00:19:40,919
actually a much more important thing it

435
00:19:47,450 --> 00:19:44,280
looks like it is a key factor in some uh

436
00:19:50,390 --> 00:19:47,460
um instances and also doing everything

437
00:19:52,010 --> 00:19:50,400
in vacuum doing everything it was in air

438
00:19:53,870 --> 00:19:52,020
but we also would like to do it in

439
00:19:54,710 --> 00:19:53,880
vacuum and also in cold temperatures as

440
00:19:56,570 --> 00:19:54,720
well

441
00:19:58,070 --> 00:19:56,580
thanks a lot